Lacca, Co. Laois; Ecological Report
1. INTRODUCTION
This report is an ecological survey of Lacka Wood, Co. Laois which
is destined to be the location for a Millennium Forest.
The survey was to include
· inventory of flora, fauna and habitats, especially items
of special conservation value covered by National or EU legislation
· management advice to protect key habitats and species
· recommendations to enhance the biodiversity of the whole
site
The site was visited in August 2000 and subsequently discussed
with Mr Arthur Buckley, the Coillte Site Manager.
2. DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Lacka Wood is located low down on the southern slopes of the Slieve
Bloom, some 6km north-west of Mountrath. A stream splits the site
rather unusually between two townlands - Killinure and Lacka and
in fact the area has two distinct names on the O.S. map, i.e.
The Copse and Church Wood. The church in the south centre occupies
a separate enclosure outside the ownership of Coillte. An adjacent
area to the east carries young sitka spruce while to the west
there is a young birch grove.
The site rises quite steeply from the road in the eastern part,
from 150 to 180m at the upper margin where it meets fields and
scrub. The western side is at first more undulating with Church
Hill dropping northwards to a minor valley and then dropping again
to the townland boundary stream which flows in from the western
edge. Above this there is an even slope with a high bank at the
north-western corner. The rises in the south-western corner show
some boulders of the underlying Old Red Sandstone. Locally along
the upper edge there seems to be a pocket of glacial drift, derived
partly from the lowlands and with a calcareous content. However
most of the soil in a podsol, shown where trees have blown over.
The stream inundates part of the eastern end in winter, before
running through an area of peatland east of the forest. In general
the wood occurs in a high rainfall area where peat forms easily
on flat or sloping ground.
3. VEGETATION & FLORA
The wood when visited was a stand of Norway spruce with beech
Fagus sylvatica and birch Betula pubescens scattered through and
a line of large oaks Quercus petraea along the northern and north-eastern
boundary. Additional oaks occur in the south-western corner with
beech and Scot's pine Pinus sylvestris and provide a contrasting
habitat. A small stand of Sitka spruce occurs south of the stream.
In most places there is considerable shade so that the ground
flora is not well developed. However there is some rowan Sorbus
aucuparia and holly Ilex aquifolium which is notable as a belt
along the north-western edge, beside the stream. Locally, honeysuckle
Lonicera periclymenum and fraochan Vaccinium myrtillus occur -
especially north of Church Hill and around the stream. Grey willow
Salix cinerea also grows along the stream in places and reaches
a comparatively large size at the eastern end where it is inundated
in winter. It is found also at the edge of the wood where, with
hairy birch Betula pubescens, it effects a good transition with
the bogland (off-site). A few silver birch Betula pendula and
oaks occur with the spruces in the upper, north-western part of
the site. The birch seem to have been planted at the same time
as the spruce while the oak have regrown from cut stumps. Both
trees are tall and whippy and many are likely to be damaged during
or after the conifer felling..
In general the ground flora is sparse and the individual species
quite local. Typical plants are
Dryopteris dilatata common buckler fern
Digitalis purpurea foxglove
Oxalis acetosella wood sorrel
Hyacinthoides non-scriptus bluebell
Blechnum spicant hard fern
Athyrium filix-femina lady fern
Dryopteris affinis male fern
D.aemula hay-scented buckler fern
Geranium robertianum herb robert
Polypodium cf vulgare polypody
Lysimachia nemorum yellow pimpernel
The few-flowered woodrush Luzula pilosa grows in at least one
place on the northern side of the stream while greater woodrush
L.sylvatica is scattered through the oaks in the south-western
corner with a little heather Calluna vulgaris and gorse Ulex europaeus.
Here also towards the road is hedge parsley Torilis japonica,
bugle Ajuga reptans, barren strawberry Potentilla sterilis and
enchanter's nightshade Circaea lutetiana. There is a notable amount
of bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scriptus among the trees.
The main bryophytes are Thuidium tamariscinum, Hypnum cupressiforme,
Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Polytrichum formosum and Dicranella heteromalla.
In the deciduous stand in the south-west Dicranum majus, Rhytidiadelphus
triquetrus and Eurhynchium striatum occur with Isothecium myosuroides
on the oak bark. Mnium hornum, Metzgeria furcata, Plagiothecium
denticulatum and Frullania tamarisci grow on bark or the ground.
The lichens Cladonia fimbriata and C.coniocraea also gain a foothold
at the base of trees while Parmelia sulcata, P.perlata and P.glabratula
occur above.
The top boundary consists of young beech at the western end but
then there is an open line of sessile oak Quercus petraea of large
size with a few birch, one yew Taxus baccata and more beech. Hazel
Corylus avellana grows sparingly in the wood with a good variety
of herbs, i.e.
Circaea lutetiana enchanter's nightshade
Viola riviniana common violet
Epilobium montanum broad-leaved willowherb
E.obscurum smooth willowherb
Veronica chamaedrys germander speedwell
V.montana wood speedwell
Glechoma hederacea ground ivy
Vicia sepium bush vetch
Lysimachia nemorum yellow pimpernel
Moehringia trinervia three-veined sandwort
Dryopteris filix-mas male fern
D.affinis ,,
The stream in the middle of the wood provides a more open habitat
in the centre where there is a thicket of young birch Betula pubescens
with holly Ilex aquifolium and willow Salix cinerea and some self-sown
oak. Moorgrass Molinia caerulea and red fescue Festuca rubra occur
here with small quantities of star sedge Carex echinata, smooth-stalked
sedge C.laevigata, ling heather Calluna vulgaris, tormentil Potentilla
erecta, bog violet Viola palustris and the mosses Polytrichum
commune, Dicranum scoparium and Sphagnum capillifolium. To the
east it flows through a patch of muddy ground with grey willow
Salix cinerea where some of the trees have blown over. Enchanter's
nightshade Circaea lutetiana is frequent and additional species
are
Ajuga reptans bugle
Galium palustre marsh bedstraw
Ranunculus flammula lesser spearwort
Glyceria fluitans sweet grass
Equisetum sylvaticum wood horsetail
Juncus bulbosus bulbous rush
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass
Rhizomnium punctatum moss
A plant of royal fern Osmunda regalis grows on the stream bank
as it escapes from the site - a species that recurs in the peatland
area to the east. There were several fly agarics Amanita muscaria
growing here too, a typical species on birch in acid conditions.
Elsewhere Lactarius and some Russula species occurred as well
as Collybia sp.
Two adjoining habitats deserve mention as they may be a source
of plant and animal species as the new wood develops. Above the
site there is a small copse of birch and willow tending to spread
outwards into the field on the western side through a scrub stage
of common gorse Ulex europaeus and eared willow Salix aurita.
Bramble Rubus fruticosus, greater stitchwort Stellaria holostea,
buckler fern Dryopteris aemula and woodrush Luzula sylvatica grow
under the trees and there are also well grown bushes of fraochan
Vaccinium myrtillus. The field itself is unimproved and dominated
by common bent Agrostis capillaris, sweet vernal grass Anthoxanthumn
odoratum, red fescue Festuca rubra, bracken Pteridium aquilinum,
compact rush Juncus conglomeratus, knapweed Centaurea nigra, catsear
Hypochaeris radicata, field stitchwort Stellaria graminea and
birdsfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatus.
A cutover peatland occurs east of The Copse with a closed cover
of moorgrass Molinia caerulea, ling heather Calluna vulgaris,
cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix, tormentil Potentilla erecta
and the mosses Sphagnum capillifolium and Aulacomnium palustre.
Hairy birch Betula pubescens is spreading out from the wood through
this.
4. FAUNA
The wood is a small one and there seems little associated mammal
fauna. Red squirrel was seen in the past but there was no evidence
of current feeding in the conifers. The grey squirrel is probably
there however at low density (A.Buckley, pers.comm). There is
an inactive badger sett at one point and the probability also
of fox, hedgehog and wood mouse. The type of ground cover however
does not suit a large population of small mammals. Hares are seen
regularly as there is open rough land just above which is a preferred
habitat. Deer have not been in evidence much but there is a relatively
high population in the region generally.
Birds present in the wood when visited, were hooded crow, woodpigeon,
blackbird, robin, coal tit, great tit, goldcrest, treecreeper,
chaffinch and bullfinch but there are likely to be chiffchaff,
willow warbler and spotted flycatcher in the breeding season with
the probability of jays in some years, taking advantage of the
acorn crop.
5 EVALUATION
Lacka Wood is likely to be representative of woodland on the lower
Slieve Blooms and contains some pure-looking, sessile oak Quercus
petraea. Its flora has suffered from the conifer phase however.
Currently the development of the ground vegetation is restricted
but it contains species from base-rich (lowland) and base-poor
(upland) situations so it has the potential of developing significant
biodiversity in the future. Lowland plants include Moehringia
trinervia and Veronica montana, neither of which were expected
to occur, while the more upland Luzula pilosa and Equisetum sylvaticum
are relatively uncommon also. The amount of bluebell Hyacinthoides
non-scriptus is an 'amenity' feature that is locally important,
especially until the new stands grow.
The site seems to have a good fungal flora as it is moist and
has been wooded for a long time. This aspect could be developed
by signage in the future as it would make an important educational
point.
An important feature of the site is the lack of introduced plant
species (except for the conifers) so that there are no control
measures envisaged. Rose-bay Chaemerion angustifolium does occur
at the roadside and will likely invade the cleared ground in 2001
but it will die out as the trees grow and create shade.
Part of the potential value of the site is provided by the adjacent
habitats of rough grassland, scrub and bog as these add a significant
area of wild habitat and the presence of plant and animal species
that will invade Lacka in future as the new planting develops.
No features of the fauna as known at present stand out but the
complex of habitats suggest that the range of invertebrate animals
could well be extensive.
6. COMMENTS ON FUTURE MANAGEMENT
There are three parts of the woodland due for felling where special
precautions should be taken to avoid physical damage to the ground
or vegetation. These are the upper margin including the oaks and
hazel on the inside, the banks and channel of the stream and the
floodable muddy ground at its eastern end. These have a relatively
high level of biodiversity and most of the more interesting plant
species occur within them. The oak and pine stand at the south-western
end is not likely to be felled at this time but it will require
selective rather than clear felling in due course.
When planting the site the stream banks should be left open (except
at the eastern end) to allow light to penetrate and support the
existing flora. The stream is permanent and will become a feature,
important both for wildlife and amenity. Birch and willow should
be encouraged generally to diversify the stand and the spread
of holly will tend to limit the growth of brambles by shading.
Although holly may make access difficult it is an integral part
of the oakwood community.
The possibility of making a small, semi-permanent pond in the
flooding area should be investigated so as to further diversify
the habitat. Such a site would be used by dragonflies etc. for
breeding.
The introduction of nesting boxes for birds would increase the
local population of hole nesting species and make part of the
fauna more noticeable to visitors. So many of the trees that will
remain are young that there will be a lack of natural sites for
many years.
The possibility of acquiring the rough land immediately north
of Lacka Wood or the peatland on the eastern side should be investigated
with the landowners as these would augment the conservation and
amenity value of the site considerably.
APPENDIX
List of plants recorded in 2000
Ajuga
reptans
Anthriscus sylvestris
Arrhenatherum elatius
Athyrium filix-femina
Betula pendula
Betula pubescens
Blechnum spicant
Calluna vulgaris
Carex echinata
Carex flacca
Carex laevigata
Chamaerion angustifolium
Circaea lutetiana
Cirsium arvense
Corylus avellana
Dactylis glomerata
Deschampsia caespitosa
Digitalis purpurea
Dryopteris aemula
Dryopteris affinis
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris filix-mas
Epilobium obscurum
Epilobium montanum
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum sylvaticum
Fagus sylvatica
Festuca rubra
Galium aparine
Galium palustre
Geranium robertianum
Glechoma hederacea
Glyceria fluitans
Heracleum sphondylium
Hyacinthoides non-scriptus
Ilex aquifolium
Juncus bulbosus
Juncus effusus
Lonicera periclymenum
Luzula pilosa
Luzula sylvatica
Lysimachia nemorum
Moehringia trinervia
Molinia caerulea
Osmunda regalis
Oxalis acetosella
Pinus sylvestris
Polypodium cf vulgare
Potentilla erecta
Potentilla sterilis
Quercus petraea
Ranunculus flammula
Salix cinerea
Salix aurita
Sorbus aucuparia
Taxus baccata
Torilis japonica
Ulex europaeus
Vaccinium myrtillus
Veronica chamaedrys
Veronica montana
Vicia sepium
Viola palustris
Viola riviniana
BRYOPHYTES
Dicranella
heteromalla
Dicranum majus
Dicranum scoparium
Eurhynchium striatum
Frullania tamarisci
Hypnum cupressiforme
Isothecium myosuroides
Metzgeria furcata
Mnium hornum
Plagiothecium denticulatum
Polytrichum commune
Polytrichum formosum
Rhizomnium punctatum
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Sphagnum capillifolium
Thuidium tamariscinum
LICHENS
Cladonia fimbriata
Cladonia coniocraea
Parmelia glabratula
Parmelia perlata
Parmelia sulcata
Ecological Survey of
Lacka Wood, Co. Laois
Site of a Millennium Forest
Report for Coillte Ltd
October 2000
Roger Goodwillie & Associates
Lavistown House
Kilkenny
Ph/Fax 056-65145
1. INTRODUCTION
This report is written to fulfil the terms of a contract letter
(16/6/00) to supply an ecological survey of Lacka Wood, Co. Laois
which is destined to be the location for a Millennium
Forest. The survey was to include
· inventory of flora, fauna and habitats, especially items
of special conservation value covered by National or EU legislation
· management advice to protect key habitats and species
· recommendations to enhance the biodiversity of the whole
site
The site was visited in August 2000 and subsequently discussed
with Mr Arthur Buckley, the Coillte Site Manager.
2. DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Lacka Wood is located low down on the southern slopes of the Slieve
Bloom, some 6km north-west of Mountrath. A stream splits the site
rather unusually between two townlands - Killinure and Lacka and
in fact the area has two distinct names on the O.S. map, i.e.
The Copse and Church Wood. The church in the south centre occupies
a separate enclosure outside the ownership of Coillte. An adjacent
area to the east carries young sitka spruce while to the west
there is a young birch grove.
The site rises quite steeply from the road in the eastern part,
from 150 to 180m at the upper margin where it meets fields and
scrub. The western side is at first more undulating with Church
Hill dropping northwards to a minor valley and then dropping again
to the townland boundary stream which flows in from the western
edge. Above this there is an even slope with a high bank at the
north-western corner. The rises in the south-western corner show
some boulders of the underlying Old Red Sandstone. Locally along
the upper edge there seems to be a pocket of glacial drift, derived
partly from the lowlands and with a calcareous content. However
most of the soil in a podsol, shown where trees have blown over.
The stream inundates part of the eastern end in winter, before
running through an area of peatland east of the forest. In general
the wood occurs in a high rainfall area where peat forms easily
on flat or sloping ground.
3. VEGETATION & FLORA
The wood when visited was a stand of Norway spruce with beech
Fagus sylvatica and birch Betula pubescens scattered through and
a line of large oaks Quercus petraea along the northern and north-eastern
boundary. Additional oaks occur in the south-western corner with
beech and Scot's pine Pinus sylvestris and provide a contrasting
habitat. A small stand of Sitka spruce occurs south of the stream.
In most places there is considerable shade so that the ground
flora is not well developed. However there is some rowan Sorbus
aucuparia and holly Ilex aquifolium which is notable as a belt
along the north-western edge, beside the stream. Locally, honeysuckle
Lonicera periclymenum and fraochan Vaccinium myrtillus occur -
especially north of Church Hill and around the stream. Grey willow
Salix cinerea also grows along the stream in places and reaches
a comparatively large size at the eastern end where it is inundated
in winter. It is found also at the edge of the wood where, with
hairy birch Betula pubescens, it effects a good transition with
the bogland (off-site). A few silver birch Betula pendula and
oaks occur with the spruces in the upper, north-western part of
the site. The birch seem to have been planted at the same time
as the spruce while the oak have regrown from cut stumps. Both
trees are tall and whippy and many are likely to be damaged during
or after the conifer felling..
In general the ground flora is sparse and the individual species
quite local. Typical plants are
Dryopteris dilatata common buckler fern
Digitalis purpurea foxglove
Oxalis acetosella wood sorrel
Hyacinthoides non-scriptus bluebell
Blechnum spicant hard fern
Athyrium filix-femina lady fern
Dryopteris affinis male fern
D.aemula hay-scented buckler fern
Geranium robertianum herb robert
Polypodium cf vulgare polypody
Lysimachia nemorum yellow pimpernel
The few-flowered woodrush Luzula pilosa grows in at least one
place on the northern side of the stream while greater woodrush
L.sylvatica is scattered through the oaks in the south-western
corner with a little heather Calluna vulgaris and gorse Ulex europaeus.
Here also towards the road is hedge parsley Torilis japonica,
bugle Ajuga reptans, barren strawberry Potentilla sterilis and
enchanter's nightshade Circaea lutetiana. There is a notable amount
of bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scriptus among the trees.
The main bryophytes are Thuidium tamariscinum, Hypnum cupressiforme,
Rhytidiadelphus loreus, Polytrichum formosum and Dicranella heteromalla.
In the deciduous stand in the south-west Dicranum majus, Rhytidiadelphus
triquetrus and Eurhynchium striatum occur with Isothecium myosuroides
on the oak bark. Mnium hornum, Metzgeria furcata, Plagiothecium
denticulatum and Frullania tamarisci grow on bark or the ground.
The lichens Cladonia fimbriata and C.coniocraea also gain a foothold
at the base of trees while Parmelia sulcata, P.perlata and P.glabratula
occur above.
The top boundary consists of young beech at the western end but
then there is an open line of sessile oak Quercus petraea of large
size with a few birch, one yew Taxus baccata and more beech. Hazel
Corylus avellana grows sparingly in the wood with a good variety
of herbs, i.e.
Circaea lutetiana enchanter's nightshade
Viola riviniana common violet
Epilobium montanum broad-leaved willowherb
E.obscurum smooth willowherb
Veronica chamaedrys germander speedwell
V.montana wood speedwell
Glechoma hederacea ground ivy
Vicia sepium bush vetch
Lysimachia nemorum yellow pimpernel
Moehringia trinervia three-veined sandwort
Dryopteris filix-mas male fern
D.affinis ,,
The stream in the middle of the wood provides a more open habitat
in the centre where there is a thicket of young birch Betula pubescens
with holly Ilex aquifolium and willow Salix cinerea and some self-sown
oak. Moorgrass Molinia caerulea and red fescue Festuca rubra occur
here with small quantities of star sedge Carex echinata, smooth-stalked
sedge C.laevigata, ling heather Calluna vulgaris, tormentil Potentilla
erecta, bog violet Viola palustris and the mosses Polytrichum
commune, Dicranum scoparium and Sphagnum capillifolium. To the
east it flows through a patch of muddy ground with grey willow
Salix cinerea where some of the trees have blown over. Enchanter's
nightshade Circaea lutetiana is frequent and additional species
are
Ajuga reptans bugle
Galium palustre marsh bedstraw
Ranunculus flammula lesser spearwort
Glyceria fluitans sweet grass
Equisetum sylvaticum wood horsetail
Juncus bulbosus bulbous rush
Deschampsia caespitosa tufted hairgrass
Rhizomnium punctatum moss
A plant of royal fern Osmunda regalis grows on the stream bank
as it escapes from the site - a species that recurs in the peatland
area to the east. There were several fly agarics Amanita muscaria
growing here too, a typical species on birch in acid conditions.
Elsewhere Lactarius and some Russula species occurred as well
as Collybia sp.
Two adjoining habitats deserve mention as they may be a source
of plant and animal species as the new wood develops. Above the
site there is a small copse of birch and willow tending to spread
outwards into the field on the western side through a scrub stage
of common gorse Ulex europaeus and eared willow Salix aurita.
Bramble Rubus fruticosus, greater stitchwort Stellaria holostea,
buckler fern Dryopteris aemula and woodrush Luzula sylvatica grow
under the trees and there are also well grown bushes of fraochan
Vaccinium myrtillus. The field itself is unimproved and dominated
by common bent Agrostis capillaris, sweet vernal grass Anthoxanthumn
odoratum, red fescue Festuca rubra, bracken Pteridium aquilinum,
compact rush Juncus conglomeratus, knapweed Centaurea nigra, catsear
Hypochaeris radicata, field stitchwort Stellaria graminea and
birdsfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatus.
A cutover peatland occurs east of The Copse with a closed cover
of moorgrass Molinia caerulea, ling heather Calluna vulgaris,
cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix, tormentil Potentilla erecta
and the mosses Sphagnum capillifolium and Aulacomnium palustre.
Hairy birch Betula pubescens is spreading out from the wood through
this.
4. FAUNA
The wood is a small one and there seems little associated mammal
fauna. Red squirrel was seen in the past but there was no evidence
of current feeding in the conifers. The grey squirrel is probably
there however at low density (A.Buckley, pers.comm). There is
an inactive badger sett at one point and the probability also
of fox, hedgehog and wood mouse. The type of ground cover however
does not suit a large population of small mammals. Hares are seen
regularly as there is open rough land just above which is a preferred
habitat. Deer have not been in evidence much but there is a relatively
high population in the region generally.
Birds present in the wood when visited, were hooded crow, woodpigeon,
blackbird, robin, coal tit, great tit, goldcrest, treecreeper,
chaffinch and bullfinch but there are likely to be chiffchaff,
willow warbler and spotted flycatcher in the breeding season with
the probability of jays in some years, taking advantage of the
acorn crop.
5 EVALUATION
Lacka Wood is likely to be representative of woodland on the lower
Slieve Blooms and contains some pure-looking, sessile oak Quercus
petraea. Its flora has suffered from the conifer phase however.
Currently the development of the ground vegetation is restricted
but it contains species from base-rich (lowland) and base-poor
(upland) situations so it has the potential of developing significant
biodiversity in the future. Lowland plants include Moehringia
trinervia and Veronica montana, neither of which were expected
to occur, while the more upland Luzula pilosa and Equisetum sylvaticum
are relatively uncommon also. The amount of bluebell Hyacinthoides
non-scriptus is an 'amenity' feature that is locally important,
especially until the new stands grow.
The site seems to have a good fungal flora as it is moist and
has been wooded for a long time. This aspect could be developed
by signage in the future as it would make an important educational
point.
An important feature of the site is the lack of introduced plant
species (except for the conifers) so that there are no control
measures envisaged. Rose-bay Chaemerion angustifolium does occur
at the roadside and will likely invade the cleared ground in 2001
but it will die out as the trees grow and create shade.
Part of the potential value of the site is provided by the adjacent
habitats of rough grassland, scrub and bog as these add a significant
area of wild habitat and the presence of plant and animal species
that will invade Lacka in future as the new planting develops.
No features of the fauna as known at present stand out but the
complex of habitats suggest that the range of invertebrate animals
could well be extensive.
6. COMMENTS ON FUTURE MANAGEMENT
There are three parts of the woodland due for felling where special
precautions should be taken to avoid physical damage to the ground
or vegetation. These are the upper margin including the oaks and
hazel on the inside, the banks and channel of the stream and the
floodable muddy ground at its eastern end. These have a relatively
high level of biodiversity and most of the more interesting plant
species occur within them. The oak and pine stand at the south-western
end is not likely to be felled at this time but it will require
selective rather than clear felling in due course.
When planting the site the stream banks should be left open (except
at the eastern end) to allow light to penetrate and support the
existing flora. The stream is permanent and will become a feature,
important both for wildlife and amenity. Birch and willow should
be encouraged generally to diversify the stand and the spread
of holly will tend to limit the growth of brambles by shading.
Although holly may make access difficult it is an integral part
of the oakwood community.
The possibility of making a small, semi-permanent pond in the
flooding area should be investigated so as to further diversify
the habitat. Such a site would be used by dragonflies etc. for
breeding.
The introduction of nesting boxes for birds would increase the
local population of hole nesting species and make part of the
fauna more noticeable to visitors. So many of the trees that will
remain are young that there will be a lack of natural sites for
many years.
The possibility of acquiring the rough land immediately north
of Lacka Wood or the peatland on the eastern side should be investigated
with the landowners as these would augment the conservation and
amenity value of the site considerably.
APPENDIX
List of plants recorded in 2000
Ajuga
reptans
Anthriscus sylvestris
Arrhenatherum elatius
Athyrium filix-femina
Betula pendula
Betula pubescens
Blechnum spicant
Calluna vulgaris
Carex echinata
Carex flacca
Carex laevigata
Chamaerion angustifolium
Circaea lutetiana
Cirsium arvense
Corylus avellana
Dactylis glomerata
Deschampsia caespitosa
Digitalis purpurea
Dryopteris aemula
Dryopteris affinis
Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris filix-mas
Epilobium obscurum
Epilobium montanum
Equisetum arvense
Equisetum sylvaticum
Fagus sylvatica
Festuca rubra
Galium aparine
Galium palustre
Geranium robertianum
Glechoma hederacea
Glyceria fluitans
Heracleum sphondylium
Hyacinthoides non-scriptus
Ilex aquifolium
Juncus bulbosus
Juncus effusus
Lonicera periclymenum
Luzula pilosa
Luzula sylvatica
Lysimachia nemorum
Moehringia trinervia
Molinia caerulea
Osmunda regalis
Oxalis acetosella
Pinus sylvestris
Polypodium cf vulgare
Potentilla erecta
Potentilla sterilis
Quercus petraea
Ranunculus flammula
Salix cinerea
Salix aurita
Sorbus aucuparia
Taxus baccata
Torilis japonica
Ulex europaeus
Vaccinium myrtillus
Veronica chamaedrys
Veronica montana
Vicia sepium
Viola palustris
Viola riviniana
BRYOPHYTES
Dicranella
heteromalla
Dicranum majus
Dicranum scoparium
Eurhynchium striatum
Frullania tamarisci
Hypnum cupressiforme
Isothecium myosuroides
Metzgeria furcata
Mnium hornum
Plagiothecium denticulatum
Polytrichum commune
Polytrichum formosum
Rhizomnium punctatum
Rhytidiadelphus loreus
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus
Sphagnum capillifolium
Thuidium tamariscinum
LICHENS
Cladonia fimbriata
Cladonia coniocraea
Parmelia glabratula
Parmelia perlata
Parmelia sulcata
Ecological Survey of
Glengarra Wood, Co. Tipperary
Site of a Millennium Forest
Report for Coillte Ltd
October 2000
Roger Goodwillie & Associates
Lavistown House
Kilkenny
*Please note that it was not possible to reproduce figures for inclusion on the website version of the reports.